A Chance to Help People Living with Hypertension
For people living with hypertension, many endure high blood pressure for years, sometimes decades, before finding the right treatment. The reason? An underlying hormonal driver that is often overlooked because of its perceived status as ‘rare’: Primary Aldosteronism.
In most cases of hypertension, ‘essential hypertension’ is assumed and standard blood pressure lowering medications are prescribed, with more and more medications added when the blood pressure remains stubbornly high. However, for those patients unknowingly suffering from primary aldosteronism (also known as Conn syndrome), only when we specifically look for this condition can it be found. Once diagnosed, it can be treated with the appropriate medication to block the effects of aldosterone excess, and, in some cases, even cured with adrenal surgery.
Associate Professor Jun Yang, an endocrinologist specialising in primary aldosteronism at the Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, has experienced the effects of delayed primary aldosteronism diagnosis in her own family. Dr Yang’s own father struggled with uncontrolled hypertension for decades before he was screened and found to have this form of hormonal hypertension. Since then, his blood pressure has returned to normal using just one targeted medication, thanks to a diagnosis of primary aldosteronism.
Dr Yang’s father is certainly not the only one to experience a delay in receiving his diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. In 2018 the Australian Journal of General Practice reported it was common for patients to have had hypertension for over 10 years before screening occurred, meaning many had aldosterone-mediated end-organ damage by the time they were finally diagnosed. However, once the diagnosis is made and targeted treatment commenced, clinical improvement with lower blood pressure and reduced number of antihypertensive medications could be observed in all patients. Recent research has shown that around 1 in 7 patients with high blood pressure may actually have primary aldosteronism, when actively screened. A simple blood test to measure aldosterone and renin concentration which is then calculated as the aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR), can screen for primary aldosteronism, but is severely underutilised.
Primary aldosteronism is fundamentally different from ‘essential hypertension’ as it is driven by an excess of the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone is an important hormone which regulates salt balance and blood pressure. Too much aldosterone can cause salt retention and hypertension that is difficult to control with regular antihypertensive medications. The excess aldosterone can be produced by an adenoma on the adrenal gland. In this case, surgery to remove the affected gland can lead to a cure of the disease. More commonly, both adrenal glands are affected. In that case, a tablet that specifically blocks aldosterone activity can effectively manage the condition.
Untreated primary aldosteronism carries with it a higher risk of adverse cardiovascular events, such as stroke, myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation when compared to essential hypertension. This is due to the aldosterone excess which causes cardiovascular tissue inflammation and fibrosis, in addition to the damage caused by elevated blood pressure per se. So while it has long been considered rare, there are significant risks associated with missing a diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Sadly, it has fallen prey to a vicious cycle: a condition which is considered rare is not sought; a condition not sought is not found; and a condition not found is considered rare.
A prospective study carried out in general practices in Victoria between 2017-2020 found that 14% of patients with newly diagnosed hypertension had primary aldosteronism. All these patients were screened by their GPs rather than specialists. The study indicated that GPs were able to play an important role in the early detection of primary aldosteronism in patients with early stages of hypertension, thereby preventing many from experiencing the end-organ damage that untreated aldosterone excess can cause. As effective as this study was in finding patients with primary aldosteronism, there was a lot of variability in which doctors screened their patients and which didn’t. Some doctors ordered the screening blood test regularly while others did not.
How Can We Improve Screening of Primary Aldosteronism in a Systematic Way?
The CONSEP trial was developed to increase the screening and diagnosis of primary aldosteronism in the general practice setting. This trial is looking at whether Education and Guidance Based Requesting software (GBR) for General Practitioners can increase Primary Aldosterone (PA) screening and diagnosis among patients with high blood pressure. By doing a high quality randomised controlled trial that is fully integrated with the GP clinic, we hope the results will show us just how effective our intervention may be for improving the detection of a common and potentially curable cause of hypertension.
The trial is currently recruiting general in Melbourne, Adelaide and Hobart. To participate in the trial or learn more, fill out the CONSEP contact form and visit the CONSEP website, or directly reach out to us via consep@monash.edu.
Consent to be Contacted Form – https://redcap.link/ywdjuab9
CONSEP Website – https://www.hudson.org.au/research-program/consep/
CONSEP Email – consep@monash.edu
Authored by:
Linghan Jia at Monash University
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